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Showing posts with label Islamic Republic of Iran. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Islamic Republic of Iran. Show all posts

Wednesday, September 25, 2013

IRI Pres. Rouhani calls for Peace-Endowing Coalitions instead of War Coalitions

STATUS QUO: prevalent international political discourse depicts “‘civilized’ center, ‘un-civilized’ peripheries”
Excerpt, minor edit by
Carolyn Bennett

Dr. Hassan Rouhani
President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Dr. Hassan Rouhani in debate Tuesday at the Sixty-eighth Session of the United Nations General Assembly. This is some of what he said. 

“Our world today is replete with fear and hope


…fear of war and hostile regional and global relations;

…fear of deadly confrontation of religious, ethnic and national identities;

…fear of institutionalization of violence and extremism; fear of poverty and destructive discrimination;

…fear of decay and destruction of life-sustaining resources;

…fear of disregard for human dignity and rights; and

…fear of neglect of morality.

A
longside these fears … are new hopes

the hope of universal acceptance by the people and the elite all across the globe of ‘yes’ to peace, and ‘no’ to war; and 


 …the hope of preference of dialogue over conflict, moderation over extremism

Ever present though is the
Status quo

At this sensitive juncture in the history of global relations, the age of zero-sum games is over, even though a few actors still tend to rely on archaic and deeply ineffective ways and means to preserve their old superiority and domination. Militarism and the recourse to violent and military means to subjugate others are failed examples of the perpetuation of old ways in new circumstances.

Coercive economic and military policies and practices geared to the maintenance and preservation of old superiorities and dominations have been pursued in a conceptual mindset that negates peace, security, human dignity, and exalted human ideals.

Ignoring differences between societies and globalizing Western values as universal ones represent another manifestation of this conceptual mindset.

Yet another reflection of the same cognitive model is the persistence of Cold War mentality and bi-polar division of the world into ‘superior us’ and ‘inferior others.’

Fanning fear and phobia around the emergence of new actors on the world scene is another.

Peril

In such an environment, governmental and non-governmental, religious, ethnic, and even racial violence has increased, and there is no guarantee that the era of quiet among big powers will remain immune from such violent discourses, practices and actions.

T
he catastrophic impact of violent and extremist narratives should not - in fact, must not - be underestimated.

In this context, the strategic violence … manifested in the efforts to deprive regional players from their natural domain of action, containment policies, regime change from outside, and the efforts towards redrawing of political borders and frontiers, is extremely dangerous and provocative.

Dangerously disparaging (demonizing)

The prevalent international political discourse depicts a civilized center surrounded by un-civilized peripheries.

In this picture, the relation between the center of world power and the peripheries is hegemonic. The discourse assigning the North the center stage and relegating the South to the periphery has led to the establishment of a monologue at the level of international relations.

T
he creation of illusory identity distinctions and the current prevalent violent forms of xenophobia are the inevitable outcome of such a discourse. Propagandistic and unfounded faith-phobic, Islamo-phobic, Shia-phobic, and Iran-phobic discourses do indeed represent serious threats against world peace and human security.

This propagandistic discourse has assumed dangerous proportions through portrayal and inculcation of presumed imaginary threats. One such imaginary threat is the so-called ‘Iranian Threat’, which has been employed as an excuse to justify a long catalogue of crimes and catastrophic practices over the past three decades.… [But on the basis of] irrefutable evidence, those who harp on the so-called threat of Iran are either a threat against international peace and security themselves or promote such a threat. Iran poses absolutely no threat to the world or the region.

Iraq post-U.S.-led war
Violence of expansionism

Nowhere in the world has violence been so deadly and destructive as in North Africa and West Asia. Examples of violence in this region in the last three decades are:

Military intervention in Afghanistan

Saddam Hussein’s imposed war against Iran

Occupation of Kuwait

U.S. against Iran
Military interventions against Iraq

Brutal repression of the Palestinian people

Assassination of common people and political figures in Iran

Terrorist bombings in countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Lebanon

W
hat has been - and continues to be - practiced against the innocent people of Palestine is nothing less than structural violence. Palestine is under occupation; the basic rights of the Palestinians are tragically violated, and they are deprived of the right of return and access to their homes, birthplace and homeland. Apartheid as a concept can hardly describe the crimes and the institutionalized aggression against the innocent Palestinian people.

T
he human tragedy in Syria represents a painful example of catastrophic spread of violence and extremism in our region.

From the very outset of the crisis and when some regional and international actors helped to militarize the situation through infusion of arms and intelligence into the country and active support of extremist groups, we emphasized that there was no military solution to the Syrian crisis. Pursuit of expansionist strategies and objectives and attempts to change the regional balance through proxies cannot be camouflaged behind humanitarian rhetoric.

The common objective of the international community should be a quick end to the killing of the innocent. ...

Terrorism and the killing of innocent people represent the ultimate inhumanity of extremism and violence. Terrorism is a violent scourge and knows no country or national borders.

But the violence and extreme actions such as the use of drones against innocent people in the name of combating terrorism should also be condemned. (Here, I should also say a word about the criminal assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists. For what crimes were they assassinated?)

T
he United Nations and the UN Security Council should answer the question: have the perpetrators been condemned? 

Iran
Iran
Crimes against the peace: Sanctions warfare 

Unjust sanctions, as manifestations of structural violence, are intrinsically inhumane and against peace. And contrary to the claims of those who pursue and impose them ─ it is not the states and the political elite that are targeted; but rather the common people who are victimized by these sanctions.

Let us not forget millions of Iraqis who, as a result of sanctions covered in international legal jargon, suffered and lost their lives. Many more Iraqis continue to suffer all through their lives.

Sanctions Iraq
These sanctions are violent, pure and simple ─ whether called smart or otherwise, unilateral or multilateral.

These sanctions violate inalienable human rights, inter alia, the right to peace, right to development, right to access health and education; and above all, the right to life.

Sanctions, beyond any and all rhetoric, cause belligerence, warmongering and human suffering.

Sanctions’ negative impact is not merely limited to the intended victims of sanctions; it also affects the economy and livelihood of other countries and societies, including the countries imposing sanctions.

End status quo
End violence
Another world is possible

People all over the world are tired of war, violence and extremism. They hope for a change in the status quo. And this is a unique opportunity - for us all.

The Islamic Republic of Iran believes that all challenges can be managed - successfully - through a smart, judicious blend of hope and moderation.

Warmongers are bent on extinguishing all hope. But hope for change for the better is an innate, religious, widespread, and universal concept.…

Iran seeks constructive engagement with other countries based on mutual respect and common interest; and within the same framework, Iran does not seek to increase tensions with the United States.… Commensurate with the political will of the leadership in the United States and hoping that they will refrain from following the short-sighted interest of warmongering pressure groups, we can arrive at a framework to manage our differences. 

T
o this end, equal footing, mutual respect, and the recognized principles of international law should govern the interactions.… 

Join WAVE: World Against Violence and Extremism
 
In recent years, a dominant voice has been repeatedly heard: ‘The military option is on the table.’ Against the backdrop of this illegal and ineffective contention … ‘peace is within reach.’

…In the name of the Islamic Republic of Iran, I propose, as a starting step, the consideration by the United Nations of the project ‘World Against Violence and Extremism’ (WAVE). I invite all states, international organizations and civil institutions to undertake a new effort to guide the world in this direction. Let us all join this ‘WAVE’.

We should start thinking about ‘Coalition for Enduing Peace’ all across the globe instead of the ineffective ‘Coalitions for War’ in various parts of the world.
  
  
Sources and notes

Islamic Republic of IRAN Permanent Mission to the United Nations Statement by H. E. Dr. Hassan Rouhani, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the Sixty-eighth Session of the United Nations General Assembly (New York, 24 September 2013) 622 - See more at: http://gadebate.un.org/68/iran-islamic-republic#sthash.Mbd0TCJr.dpuf
622 Third Ave, New York, NY 10017 Tel: (212) 687-2020 Fax: (212) 867-7086 email: iran@un.int
http://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/68/IR_en.pdf
 http://gadebate.un.org/

“Iran’s new President proposes immediate ‘time-bound’ talks on nuclear issues,” UN News Centre, September 24, 2013 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45984&Cr=general+debate&Cr1=#.UkM7qmzD-1s


24 September 2013 – From the podium of the United Nations General Assembly, Iran’s new President, Hassan Rouhani, today foreswore the production of nuclear weapons, reasserted his country’s right to peaceful nuclear enrichment and proposed immediate ‘time-bound’ talks to resolve the issue.

‘I declare here, openly and unambiguously, that, notwithstanding the positions of others, this has been, and will always be, the objective of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” he told the General Assembly on the first day of its General Debate, speaking hours after United States President Barack Obama told the same gathering that he was directing U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry to pursue a diplomatic course with Iran on the matter.

Hassan Rouhani

Academic, cleric, lawyer, politician and former diplomat, Hassan Rouhani (b. November 12, 1948) is a member of the Assembly of Experts and the Expediency Council and the Supreme National Security Council, head of the Center for Strategic Research, and the 7th and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Before his election to the presidency Rouhani was also deputy speaker of the 4th and 5th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis - Iranian Parliament) and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council (1989-2005). In the later capacity, he headed Iran's former nuclear negotiating team and was the country’s top negotiator ─ with the European Union three: the United Kingdom, France, and Germany – on Iran’s nuclear program.

Fluent in Persian, English and Arabic, Rouhani took his academic credentials at the University of Tehran, Iran (B.A. in Judicial Law, 1972) and Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland (M.Phil. in Law, 1995 and Ph.D. in Constitutional Law, 1999). He holds the rank of research professor at Iran’s Center for Strategic Research and is a prolific writer.

Hassan Rouhani was announced the winner of Iran’s Presidency a day after the election and received his presidential precept from his predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, on August 3, 2013, and entered Sa’dabad Palace in a private ceremony. Rouhani’s work as president officially began on the same day. He was inaugurated as the seventh president of Iran in the Parliament on August 4, 2013.

President Hassan Rouhani bio http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani


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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy
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Sunday, June 2, 2013

White House welcomes anti-West/anti-Iran “terrorist” ─ pejorative of convenience

 U.S. labels Iran “terrorist supporter”; Iran labels U.S. “axis of evil/supporter of terrorism
Editing by Carolyn Bennett

Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO)

According to a news report at the Press TV website today, “Much of the international community lists the Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO) as a terrorist organization.”

But the Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO) on April 11, 2013, officially opened an office a block from the White House in Washington (USA), this for the first time in 11 years; and only months after the United States in September 2012 formally removed the anti-Iranian group from the U.S. list of terrorist organizations.

“Out of the nearly 17,000 Iranians killed in terrorist attacks since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979,” Press TV reports, “some 12,000 have fallen victim to acts of terror carried out by the Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization.”
MKO or MEK
Friday September 28
“In an act of unequivocal and explicit hostility toward Iran
the United States took the name of
Mujahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO)
off its list of foreign terrorist organizations
showing its unconditional support for
the sworn enemies of the Iranian nation”
wrote award-winning Iranian journalist
peace activist Kourosh Ziabari

T
errorist Files website posts this background on the Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO).

It was formed “in the 1960s by college-educated children of Iranian merchants.” Referred to as “the MEK or MKO,” the group “sought to counter what it perceived as excessive Western influence in the Shah’s regime. Pro-Western leader, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, eldest son of Reza Shah Pahlavi, was shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979.

“Following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam,” the Terrorist Files entry continues, the MEK or MKO “has developed into the largest and most active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti-Western activity and, most recently, attacks on the interests of the clerical regime in Iran and abroad.

Pejoratives of convenience

I
n its “Country Reports on Terrorism” released last week, the United States accused Iran of supporting terrorism; and an Iranian lawmaker responded.

Persia
Islamic Republic of Iran
Flanked by
Caspian Sea (north)
Turkmenistan (north/northeast)

Afghanistan, Pakistan (east)
Turkey, Syria (northwest)
 Iraq, Kuwait, 
Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar (west)
Gulfs, Seas, Indian Ocean (south)
The open support for terrorists by Western countries is widely known, he said, so the United States “cannot alter the situation in the region by publishing ‘false reports’ − any country that stands up to the United States is labeled as terrorist.”

American Eleanor Roosevelt
1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The member of the National Security and Foreign Policy Committee of the Iranian Parliament (Majlis), Seyyed Baqer Hosseini, threw back former U.S. President George W. Bush’s incendiary words, saying, “‘The United States is the axis of evil and the supporter of terrorism in the world” and that the U.S. report’s accusation of Iran as a supporter of terrorism “is aimed at covering up its recent measures in supporting the terrorist Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO).”  

The U.S. violation of human rights, Hosseini said, is indicative of “Washington’s disregard for the principle” of human rights. “The issue of human rights,” he countered, “is not consistent with the performance of Western countries”; and claims made in reports such as the U.S. Country Reports on Terrorism “are only used as a tool to put pressure on the world countries.”




Sources and notes

“U.S. axis of evil, supporter of terrorism: Iranian lawmaker ─ An Iranian lawmaker has criticized the U.S. policy of using terrorism as a tool, labeling Washington as the axis of evil and a supporter of terrorism across the globe,” June 1, 2013, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/06/01/306677/us-axis-of-evil-supporter-of-terrorism/

Terrorist Files on the Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), http://www.terrorismfiles.org/organisations/mujahedin-e-khalq_organization.html

TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS
Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO)  

Other Names: Mujahedin-e Khalq; the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA, the militant wing of the MEK); People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI); National Council of Resistance (NCR); Organization of the People’s Holy Warriors of Iran; Sazeman-e Mujahedin-e Khalq-e Iran; Muslim Iranian Student’s Society (front organization used to garner financial support)

Description: Formed in the 1960s by the college-educated children of Iranian merchants, the MEK sought to counter what it perceived as excessive Western influence in the Shah’s regime. Following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam, the group has developed into the largest and most active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti-Western activity and, most recently, attacks on the interests of the clerical regime in Iran and abroad.

Activities: Worldwide campaign against the Iranian Government stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence.

During the 1970s, the MEK staged terrorist attacks inside Iran and killed several U.S. military personnel and civilians working on defense projects in Tehran.

The group supported the takeover in 1979 of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.

In April 1992, it conducted attacks on Iranian embassies in 13 different countries, demonstrating the group’s ability to mount large-scale operations overseas. The normal pace of anti-Iranian operations increased during the ‘Operation Great Bahman’ in February 2000, when the group claimed it launched a dozen attacks against Iran.

During the remainder of the year, the MEK regularly claimed that its members were involved in mortar attacks and hit-and-run raids on Iranian military, law enforcement units, and government buildings near the Iran-Iraq border. The MEK also claimed six mortar attacks on civilian government and military buildings in Tehran.

Strength: Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive overseas support structure. Most of the fighters are organized in the MEK’s National Liberation Army (NLA).

Location/Area of Operation: In the 1980s the ME’'s leaders were forced by Iranian security forces to flee to France. Most resettled in Iraq by 1987.

In the mid-1980s, the group did not mount terrorist operations in Iran at a level similar to its activities in the 1970s.

In the 1990s, however, the MEK claimed credit for an increasing number of operations in Iran.

External Aid: Beyond support from Iraq, the MEK uses front organizations to solicit contributions from expatriate Iranian communities.

http://www.terrorismfiles.org/organisations/mujahedin-e-khalq_organization.html

See also 

“Killing Iraqi Muslims, crime against humanity: Iran MP − Iranian lawmaker Seyyed Baqer Hosseini says the lackeys of the West are committing crime against humanity by killing the Muslim people of Iraq,” Saturday, 02 March 2013 22:34, http://english.irib.ir/radioislam/news/top-stories/item/85967-killing-iraqi-muslims-crime-against-humanity-iran-mp

“Delisting MKO: U.S. officially taking up arms against Iran” (by Kourosh Ziabari), Voltaire Network, November 9, 2012, http://www.voltairenet.org/article176513.html


“In an act of unequivocal and explicit hostility toward Iran, the United States took the name of Mujahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO) off its list of foreign terrorist organizations on Friday, September 28, showing its unconditional support to the sworn enemies of the Iranian nation straight from the shoulder,” award-winning Iranian journalist, peace activist and media correspondent Kourosh Ziabari
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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy
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Saturday, October 6, 2012

Sanctions WMDs: UN concerns west ignores


U.S. Iraq
Double-dealing, 
double standards
Deadly game, 
innocents caught in consequences
Editing, re-reporting by 
Carolyn Bennett

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon speaks but big guns refuse to hear.

While western post-World War II warriors were executing sanctions warfare, the Secretary-General was ever so gently, as is his style, raising the alarm about dangerous double standards in weapons of mass destruction, arms trafficking, law, human harm and human rights.
 
In his report at the September 2012 Conference on Disarmament, Ban Ki-moon said that the “lack of progress on disarmament and non-proliferation within the United Nations arena is troubling.”

The international community in 2011, he said, had worked to implement new nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation commitments and agreements growing out of the 2010 Review Conference, but “the United Nations bodies responsible for advancing those recommendations have faced protracted deadlocks” and have been “unable to reach consensus in 2012.”

Squabbling, delay, obstruction

The inability of the Conference on Disarmament to overcome its differences and agree on a program of work that would allow for the resumption of substantive work, including negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, has impeded progress in the nuclear field, Ban Ki-moon said.

War Profiteers (government and trafficker)
U.S. Boeing bombs

At the same time, the Secretary-General said, “Poor regulation of the global trade in arms continues to present a significant challenge.” While there is no single-cause relationship between the poorly regulated arms trade and conflict, armed violence and substantive human rights abuses —  the connections between misuse of Government-owned arms and the questionable legitimacy or responsibility displayed by their original provider or between massive quantities of illicit arms and ammunition in circulation and lax national controls are clearly discernible.


Weapons of mass destruction
WMD MAP
BY TYPE
By type
Biological
Chemical
Nuclear
Radiological

BY COUNTRY

Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burma
Canada
China (PRC)
France
Germany
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Libya
Mexico
Netherlands
North Korea
Pakistan
Poland
Romania
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan (ROC)
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

PROLIFERATION

Biological
Chemical
Nuclear
Missiles

 Wikipedia image



Children suffer
Human costs

Failure to agree on disarmament has serious consequences for UN agencies and for the inhabitants of the world’s countries.

The United Nations’ missions are “directly confronted with the consequences of the arms flow: brutal crackdowns, armed conflict, rampant crime or violence and the widespread human suffering that they cause.”

The Conference’s failure to agree on the Arms Trade Treaty, Ban Ki-Moon said, “frustrates the hopes of the millions of people all over the world who bear the brunt of the negative consequences of armed conflict and violence fueled by the poorly regulated international arms trade.”

war on children

Sanctions warfare

In the same month in which the Secretary-General reported on the human suffering caused by the unregulated spread of arms trafficking, the UN Security Council tightened the choke hold on Iran, deepening human suffering. Led by the United States, Britain and France, the Council voted for tougher sanctions against Iran.

Casting its vote for stricter sanctions on Iran, France charged Iran with bypassing the sanctions regime and violating its obligations regarding the arms embargo for the benefit of Syria.

Ignoring its own arsenal, infractions and failures to cooperate in disarmament and restriction of arms sales, the United States voted for sanctions, alleging Iran’s “continuing defiance of obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and Security Council resolutions.” The U.S. representative, as is the U.S. style, lectured Iran on what it termed an “approach … to deny, deceive and distract.” 
 
China and the Russian Federation expressed opposition to “the use or threat of use of force” and support of “dialogue and cooperation.”

However, regardless to counter arguments or calls for conversation over violence, the United States pressed on, expanding WMD sanctions against Iran. 

The UN Secretary-General voiced his concern for widespread harm inflicted on the Iranian people. In a report to the UN General Assembly released yesterday (Reuters reported), Ban Ki-moon said,   “The sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran have had significant effects on the general population, including —
Sanctions harm people - Syria

an escalation in inflation,

a rise in commodities and energy costs,

an increase in the rate of unemployment, and

a shortage of necessary items including medicines to treat such conditions as cancer, heart and respiratory disease and multiple sclerosis.

“Even companies that have obtained the necessary license to import food and medicine are facing difficulties in finding third-country banks to process the transactions,” Ban Ki-moon said.

Sanctions are also negatively affecting humanitarian operations — suggesting, almost laughingly, if it were possible to laugh at this stuff, that a western foreign policy of war by sanctions supersedes their wars wrapped in humanitarianism.

Iran has suffered four rounds of UN Security Council sanctions between 2006 and 2010 for refusing to halt its nuclear enrichment program. 
Sanctions harm people - Iran

Western countries originally said the sanctions would hurt only the government and not the people of Iran, a claim anyone knows is false on its face. They now acknowledge the wider impact of this warfare. “Britain, France, and Germany have called for more EU sanctions,” says a news report in today’s Tehran Times, “but it is unlikely that further UN sanctions will be imposed on Iran because of resistance from Russia and China. Moscow and Beijing have repeatedly criticized unilateral U.S. and EU sanctions against Tehran.”


BACKGROUND

Nuclear powers
Five nations are considered to be nuclear-weapon states’ (NWS) under the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

NPT nuclear powers

In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are: signatory United States (2,150 / 8,000 warheads active/total), ratifier Russian Federation (1,800 / 10,000 warheads active/total), ratifier United Kingdom (160 / 225 warheads active/total), ratifier France (290 / 300 warheads active/total), and signatory Peoples Republic of China (n.a. / 240 warheads active/total).

Non-NPT nuclear powers

India (n.a. / 80–100 warheads active/total), Pakistan (n.a. / 90–110 warheads active/total), and North Korea (n.a. / <10 active="active" p="p" total="total" warheads="warheads">

Undeclared nuclear powers

Israel (n.a. / 80–200 warheads active/total)

Eight states have successfully detonated nuclear weapons.

Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states not parties to the Treaty have conducted nuclear tests: India, Pakistan, and North Korea.

North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003.

Israel, not party to the NPT, is widely believed to have nuclear weapons but has refused to confirm or deny this and is not known to have conducted a nuclear test.

South Africa developed nuclear weapons but disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT.



Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (pale blue) Wikipedia image




On October 5, 1986, the British newspaper The Sunday Times ran Mordechai Vanunu’s story on its front page under the headline: ‘Revealed – the secrets of Israel's nuclear arsenal.’Wikipedia image



Red = Nuclear weapons states; Orange = Nuclear sharing states; Blue = Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones;   Golden/yellow = None of the above, but party to NPT Wikipedia image


Sources and notes

Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization: G. Disarmament
United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty (July 2-27, 2012) 2012 session of the Conference on Disarmament ending September 14, 2012, Conference on Disarmament 2013 session will be January 21-March 29 (part one), May 13-June 28 (part two), July 29-Seotember 13 (part three)
http://www.un.org/sg/speeches/reports/report-disarmament.shtml

“Security Council Members Urge Tougher Sanctions, Deeper Diplomacy on Iran’s Nuclear Program” as Non-Proliferation Committee Briefs Members Subsidiary Body’s Report Details Activities from June12 to  September 12, 2012, Department of Public Information • News and Media Division • New York, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10770.doc.htm

 “UN sec gen says sanctions hurting ordinary Iranians” from a  report dated August 22, 2012, to the 193-member General Assembly on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran Times, October 6, 2012), http://tehrantimes.com/politics/102120-un-sec-gen-says-sanctions-hurting-ordinary-iranians

Wikipedia notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powers




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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy

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