Decades’ hostility, squandered opportunity: U.S.-Russia Relations

Chronic international incidents made in USA

Editing, re-reporting, brief comment by 

Carolyn Bennett

The Russian expert and professor emeritus with New York and Princeton universities, Stephen F. Cohen, is reported saying that Washington’s ‘Feckless policy elite and an uncritical media establishment’ are culpable in the deterioration of U.S.-Russia relations and these nations' headlong plunge “into a new Cold War.” And what is happening started long before “911” and a whistleblower named Snowden. This is some of Professor Cohen’s analysis.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT (hostility)

Since the end of the Soviet Union, 22 years ago, Stephen Cohen says, the United States under one after leader in Washington has “lost several opportunities to create a meaningful cooperative relationship between Washington and Moscow (the United States and the Russian Federation).

William Jefferson Clinton - Barack Hussein Obama

“Although the U.S. political-media establishment routinely blames (Russian President Vladimir) Putin,” Cohen says, “the movement toward Cold War ─ instead of partnership with post-Soviet Russia ─ began almost a decade before (Putin) came to the Kremlin.” The regression started “in the 1990s … under the Clinton administration, whose tenure “initiated the three basic components of what has remained Washington’s Russia policy, from George W. Bush to Obama:

…expanding NATO (now including missile defense installations) to Russia’s borders;

…‘selective cooperation,’ which has meant concessions by Moscow without meaningful U.S. reciprocity; and

…interference, in the name of ‘democracy promotion,’ in Russia’s domestic politics

“For twenty years, this Cold War approach has had overwhelming bipartisan support among the U.S. political elite and mainstream media.”

Congress passes
Magnitsky Act

CURRENT (ongoing hostility)

In late 2012 through the spring of 2013 came enactment of an anti-Russia act.

Congress and the current president laid into law the “Magnitsky Act” banning a list of Russians from the United States; and Russia responds with its list of banned Americans, both actions signaling a return, the verge of, or a new Cold War.

Cohen said that although Congress is not itself “russophobic,” its bill was provoked by U.S. “russophobic forces.” The Congress is “just uninformed,” he said:

It knows almost nothing about Russia. Most members of Congress have no understanding of international affairs or national security.

 

If this is true, it is a deliberate ignorance. With all the resources at its disposal, there is no excuse for America to have an “uninformed” Congress. 

C

ohen says U.S.-Russian relations after enactment of “Magnitsky” were further strained with Washington’s and Moscow’s published lists of people banned from entering their countries.

The Obama administration in April 2013 published a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act:

Artyom Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs	Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs	Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
Yelena Stashina, Tverskoy District Court judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention	Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
Aleksey Droganov	Yelena Khimina
	Dmitriy Komnov
Aleksey Krivoruchko	Oleg Logunov
Sergei G. Podoprigorov	Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy	Svetlana Ukhnalyova
Natalya V. Vinogradova	Kazbek Dukuzov, Chechen acquitted of the murder of Paul Klebnikov
Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by Austrian authorities as the murderer of Umar Israilov

U.S. President signs
Magnitsky Act

Russian Federation
President Vladimir Putin

After the Act became law, the Russian government denied Americans’ adoption of Russian children, issued a list of U.S. officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.  On December 19, 2012, the State Duma (Russian legislature) voted 400 to 4 to ban the international adoption of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died in 2008 of heat stroke after being neglect by his adoptive American father. In later actions, Russia introduced a law to prevent U.S. citizens from working with political NGOs in Russia and another law, later abandoned, to prevent any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the Russian state.

On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list. The people banned from Russia are:

U.S. officials involved in legalizing torture and indefinite detention of prisoners (The Guantanamo List):	·         David Addington, Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (2005–2009)
·         John Yoo, Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)	·         Geoffrey D. Miller, retired U.S. Army Major General, commandant of Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the Guantanamo Bay detention camps (2002–2003)
·         Jeffrey Harbeson, U.S. Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russians also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler Viktor Bout and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:

·                     Jed Rakoff	·                     Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York
·                     Preet Bharara	·                     US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
·                     Michael J. Garcia	·                     former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
·                     Brendan R. McGuire	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Anjan S. Sahni	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Christian R. Everdell	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Jenna Minicucci Dabbs	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Christopher L. Lavigne	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Michael Max Rosensaft	·                     Assistant US Attorney
·                     Louis J. Milione	·                     Special Agent US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
·                     Sam Gaye	·                     Senior Special Agent US DEA
·                     Robert F. Zachariasiewicz	·                     Special Agent US DEA
·                     Derek S. Odney	·                     Special Agent US DEA
·                     Gregory A. Coleman	·                     Special Agent US Federal Bureau of Investigation

Cohen calls “Magnitsky”  “a serious blow to U.S.-Russia relations.” Worsening an “already bad political atmosphere in Washington,” the Act now institutionalizes “a kind of a prejudicial approach to Russia that’s going to continue; it won’t be possible to end the Magnitsky Act.”

Choice of the
Corrupt and
Inept

Neglect
Made in USA

And any attempts at rapprochement have been rebuffed by Washington. One opportunity, Cohen observes, began with the tragedy of the recent bombing in Boston “when it was clear that we (the United States) needed a lot of cooperation in counter terrorism between Moscow and Washington.” Another missed opportunity, he says, was “the Syrian civil war, or whatever it is, spun out of control, … the worst crisis in the Middle East in many years; and while it appeared that Washington and Moscow were ready to try and do something about that,” they didn’t; “and then came Snowden, … clearly a setback and (a test of leadership) for both President Putin and President Obama.” 

Neglect
Made in USA

Thanks to a “Feckless policy elite and an uncritical media establishment,” Stephen Cohen says, U.S.-Russian relations are deteriorating and these two powerful nations “are plunging into a new Cold War.”

I

n public affairs foreign and domestic the United States led by a corrupt, entrenched and inept cabal continues to cause regression and serious breakdown. What a waste.

Result

Cohen was talking about the expanding U.S. surveillance state, some of which has been exposed by Snowden, when he said Americans must raise and debate some serious questions, and not be stymied in this imperative by a rogue government.

Are we Americans prepared to give up all freedoms fought for ─ for 200 years ─ and allow the government to commit possibly illegal surveillance?

Result

Should we make a trade-off between our fears and our privacy?

Should we in the post-911 era allow our fears to wage endless wars, make commonplace the intolerable and the lawless; and so relinquish the possibility and promise bequeathed to the people of the United States of America?

Sources and notes

“‘Authoritarian regime’ in the Russian media vs. ‘democratic’ U.S. mainstream media in the context of the new Cold War” (Stephen F. Cohen commentary first published in The Nation on January 16, 2013), January 23, 2013, http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_01_23/Authoritarian-regime-in-the-Russian-media-vs-democratic-US-mainstream-media-in-the-context-of-the-new-Cold-War/

“How Obama can avert another Cold War - Stephen F. Cohen,” February 19, 2013, http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_19/How-Obama-can-avert-another-Cold-War-Stephen-F-Cohen/

“‘Obama can’t afford a fair trial for Snowden’ - Stephen Cohen” (Op-Edge), July 19, 2013 [Snowden issue a test of leadership ability for Putin and Obama …:  New York University Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies Stephen Cohen (AFP Photo / Dmitry Kostyukov)]

http://rt.com/shows/sophieco/snowden-case-us-russia-307/

http://rt.com/op-edge/snowden-asylum-us-russia-315/

“Magnitsky Act the result of ‘know-nothing Congress and lack of leadership from White House’” (Op-Edge), Published time: April 14, 2013, http://rt.com/op-edge/magnitsky-lists-stephen-cohen-828/

Relations between Russia and the United States, already marred by “disputes over missile defense, the Middle East and Russia’s internal politics,” have become more strained after the United States passed the Magnitsky Act … and Russia replied with a law prohibiting Americans from adopting Russian orphans ─  Stephen F. Cohen

Read more: http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_01_21/Political-media-establishment-culpable-for-strained-US-Russia-relations-Cohen/

Stephen F. Cohen is an expert on Russia and professor emeritus of New York University and Princeton University.

Magnitsky

In 2009, lawyer and auditor Sergei Magnitsky died in a Moscow prison after investigating fraud involving Russian tax officials.

In the United States, the Magnitsky Act (formally known as the Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012) originated in a bill sponsored by Maryland Democrat, Senator Ben Cardin; its intention: “to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and use of their banking system.” It evidenced mounting tensions between the United States and Russia. The U.S. Congress passed the bill in November–December 2012 and U.S. President Barack Obama signed it into law on December 14, 2012.

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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy

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Centuries-old Muslim/Hindu/Mountains Cry: human rights for Kashmiris

Kashmiri Women

Peace, justice: Kashmiri women’s part imperative

Re-reporting by Carolyn Bennett

KASHMIR

History

The United States is on record assenting to Pakistan and India’s militarized nuclear power. The United States allies with India while bombing Pakistan; and effectively sides with India against Pakistan and with India against Kashmir. The United Kingdom, having occupied India and the Kashmir region is also implicated in today’s conflict in the region.

This area and its inhabitants extend to the third century, prospering through the ninth and twelfth centuries; and, after having been under a succession of Hindu dynasties, Kashmir in 1346 came under Muslim rule. After five centuries, the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab (1819) annexed Kashmir then the Dogra kingdom of Jammu (1846) annexed it. In its contemporary form, Kashmir dates to 1846.

People

The people in the Jammu area are Muslim in the west; in the east Hindu and speak Hindi, Punjabi, and Dogri. Inhabitants of the Vale of Kashmir and the Pakistani areas are mostly Muslim and speak Urdu and Kashmiri. Inhabiting the sparsely the Ladakh region and beyond are Tibetan peoples, who practice Buddhism and speak Balti and Ladakhi.

Kashmir

Land 

The Kashmir region is a predominantly mountainous region with deep, narrow valleys and high, barren plateaus lying in the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Its bounding areas and countries

Northeast: the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang

East: the Tibet Autonomous Region (both parts of China)

South: the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab

West: Pakistan

Northwest: Afghanistan

Kashmir

Since the Subcontinent was (UK) partitioned in 1947, India and Pakistan have disputed administration of this region of some 85,800 square miles (222,200 square km). Pakistan administers the northern and western portions made up of Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan (the last two part of a territory called the Northern Areas). India administers the southern and southeastern portions made up of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

 

India
Kashmir north

Since the 1950s, China has been active in the eastern area of Kashmir and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region).

A ‘line of control” divides the Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions by agreement signed in 1972 but neither country recognizes this line as an international boundary.

O

Pakistan
Kashmir north

ver the past 20 years, reports reveal thousands of people in Kashmir have been killed. 

Conflicts have been exacerbated by foreign policies and interference of Western industrialized countries, extending across South/Central Asia. Kashmiris are in crisis and in revolt.

  

Current

Late last year thousands of protesters in Indian-administrated Kashmir took to the streets of winter. They condemned killings 

Anti-U.S.
2012
Kashmir

of Shia Muslims in Pakistan and called for unity among Muslims. In the Magam area of the central Jammu and Kashmir Budgam district, they shouted, ‘Down with the U.S.!’ and ‘Down with Israel!’

Srinagar

In the Indian states of Mumbai and Rajasthan, two young people of Kashmir ancestry died under what has been called “mysterious conditions”; and this month, in the face of heavy paramilitary and police presence, thousands of angry protesters took to the streets.  Authorities routinely deploy large police and paramilitary troops in most parts of the capital of Srinagar to prevent fresh street demonstrations and separatist leaders have called on the Indian government to hold security forces accountable for human rights violations in Kashmir. Pro-independence groups who oppose New Delhi rule over the Muslim-majority region had called a strike.

Srinagar: In the Kashmir region on the Indian subcontinent, Srinagar is the city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir State (Jammu is the winter capital); its industries include carpet and silk mills, silverware and copperware manufacture, leatherworking, and wood carving; it lies along the banks of the Jhelum River at an elevation of 5,200 feet (1,600 meters) in the Vale of Kashmir.

Vale of Kashmir

The Srinagar contains the area’s most fertile agricultural land and is one of the most densely populated parts of the Kashmir region (Population, 2001: 898,440)

Vale of Kashmir: Intermontane valley lying wholly within the Indian-administered portion of the Kashmir region flanked by the main range of the Himalayas on the northeast and the Pir Panjal Range on the southwest. An ancient lake basin about 85 miles (135 km) long, 20 miles (32 km) wide, and 5,300 feet (1,620 meters) high that is drained by the upper Jhelum River; lined by mountains that rise 12,000 to 16,000 feet (3,600 to 4,800 meters); and sheltered from the wet southwest monsoon.

The Kashmir region’s population is concentrated in the valley, at the center of which lies Srinagar. Fertile soil yields rice, corn (maize), fruit, and vegetables, and scenic mountains and lakes (notably Wular, Dal, and Nagin) attract many tourists.

Women rising

New Delhi has reportedly remained in a state of denial concerning human rights abuse under its administration. Kashmiri women maintain that “the first step to peace in the region” is the delivery of “justice” in all human rights cases.

   

Though they have been equally affected by the heat of conflict in the past twenty-three years, Kashmiri women’s participation on political and social fronts has been missing but the status quo changing. Kashmiri women “are becoming politically sensitive”; they have realized that, while "women have suffered equally (with men), their voices remained unheard" because they were absent on "the political and social front.”

Realizing that they can play a part in ensuring justice in human rights cases, fifty Kashmiri women in a wide span of age groups have joined in pressing for justice in all cases of human rights violations that have happened since 1989, and that involved mostly women. In their first case, a February 1991 case of “mass rape of nearly 100 women by Indian security forces,” the women’s group filed a petition in Kashmir’s high court and achieved their first success. 

After two decades of denials, the court accepted the case and ordered its reopening and re-investigation. The women's success has boosted confidence and their initiative has been highly valued; but group members believe that “greater participation of women” is necessary “on all the fronts” to ensure the hearing of women’s voices.

Sources and notes

“Jammu & Kashmir witnesses rally against U.S., Israel,” December 16, 2012

http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/12/16/278459/jammu--kashmir-witnesses-antius-rally/

“Kashmiris stage massive protest rallies amid tensions,” July 16, 2013, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/16/314073/kashmiris-hold-massive-protest-rallies/

“Kashmiri women launch campaign to push for rights,” July 14, 2013

http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/14/313802/kashmiri-women-launch-campaign-to-push-for-rights/

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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy

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Preexisting human relations tragedy ─ reflection on Martin-Zimmerman

Failing to make community makes all complicit 

By Carolyn Bennett

Rough
Undertow

Tragedies happen and they happen all over the United States of America because we cause them to happen. They don’t happen in isolation, separate and distinct, without history. They don’t leap whole from television headline news (which are often blatantly false, another story). Tragedies have deeply rooted origins. So is the case of the Florida shooting tragedy. And the protests or rather the SHOW that has followed the decision in the Martin-Zimmerman case is silly, on their face; and, on a deeper level, it veils protesters’ complicity in the tragedy.

Here’s how I see the Martin-Zimmerman effect-tragedy of causal-tragedy.

Failure to make community

Local communities are troubled all over America and usually they are troubled because people refuse to “set at table” with one another.

Undertow
Tsunami

Many black people act as if they are apart from “America.” Many white people act as if they are apart from “others.” Either group is likely to comment: but they are “white” or but they are “black” as if they are addressing aliens from Mars. Both groups create ─ you might even say they conspire to create ─ a human and human relations void: an off-putting, a standoff, an emotional off-limits. There is an undercurrent of hostility and condescension, a passive aggressiveness in these groups, even an irrational fear, paranoia, that drives and sustains separation (separatism). The “apart-from” syndrome reinforces the negative undercurrents and entrenched misconceptions, stereotypes and deliberate delusions.

Dangerous
Undertow

This disuniting, circular,  spiraling downward regression is a preexisting and persistent condition in America, an underlying and unattended tragedy.

Failure of sight

Together with a failure to make “community,” togetherness (for the scope of this argument, I’m setting aside discontented lives due a depletion of meaningful employment base and depressed economic times) is the deliberate, hypocritical disregard of high crimes committed daily, with impunity. 

The current U.S. president and a whole line of U.S. presidents and legislators, through their official acts, can kill and maim thousands, even millions of people, destroy their families and livelihoods. Destroy the peace in West-Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East; and few Americans, white or black (likely many among the weekend protesters), will raise a single word of dissent. 

Criminally oppressive corporations, religious and educational institutions can abuse the human rights of more hundreds and thousands of people, at home and abroad. And Americans, black and white and whatever, will continue pouring their money (often on credit) into them, patronizing them, praying at their altars (communities made casino debris, wreckage). When questioned, these “patriots” and headlining “protesters” manufacture all kinds of excuses for their personal, shoddy behavior.

U.S. consistently
mistreats, disparages
 immigrants

Failure to be human beings among human beings

Responsibility is imperative

Someone has said (maybe I said it) that the mantra “racism-racism-racism-racist-racist-racist” is just too easy, too often and often irrelevant. And like anything repeated over and over again it has become meaningless. Someone also said revenge is a  lazy from of response to harm.

There are no innocents here. The protests post-trial relative to the Martin-Zimmerman case are as pageantry in the White House Rose Garden and in the sewer on Capitol Hill: it’s the SHOW ─ an insult, drama without substance, SHOW signifying nothing, except perhaps more hostility and separatism: “those from those,”  “us from them.”

Until “difference” (call it black-white, American-Muslim, Protestant-Catholic, Jew-Gentile, call it whatever you like) sits at the table with “difference” ─ and I’m not talking about “tolerance” (who wants to be tolerated?) ─ until “difference” invites “difference” with complete acceptance sans disparaging, judging or prejudging; until “difference” makes community, there will be no end to consequential (headlined) tragedies and no honest examination and elimination of underlying human relations conditions: causal tragedies.

Carefully taught

It doesn't have to be this way. Whether we like it or not, the quality and the character of society is our responsibility. We are responsible for the actions of the United States of America. We are neither “alien” nor “other.” We are America, this United States of America. And our failure to take responsibility as human beings with and among human beings is our deepest and most destructive tragedy.

Protests and bloodletting ─ home and abroad USA

Monday July 15, 2013

Martin/Zimmerman case

“From Harlem to Union Square hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets of New York on Sunday to protest the not guilty verdict in the Trayvon Martin shooting by George Zimmerman.

“Late on Saturday, a jury of six women in Florida announced that George Zimmerman was acquitted of murder and manslaughter charges in Martin’s death. Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, had admitted he shot the unarmed 17-year-old but claimed it was in self-defense. While Zimmerman left the court house a free man, many are calling for further investigations into the Florida Killing. Protesters today say justice wasn't served.”  http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/15/313852/outrage-in-us-over-trayvon-martin-death-amid-notguilty-verdict/

U.S. hostilities in Yemen

Yemenis protest U.S.

“Rights group passes law to criminalize US killer drone attacks in Yemen ─ A human rights organization has managed to pass a law in Yemen’s National Dialogue Conferenc

e (NDC) to criminalize U.S. killer drone strikes, Press TV reports.

“‘We managed to pass a law in the first phase of the outcome of the National Dialogue [Conference], criminalizing the killing outside of law, including drone strikes and targeted missiles,’ said Baraa Shiban, who is the project coordinator for the London-based human rights organization Reprieve.”  http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/15/313881/us-drone-attacks-in-yemen-criminalized/

Syrians protest
Foreign interference

U.S. hostilities in Syria

“U.S. and Qatar arm rival militant gangs in Syria amid slow delivery of arms ─ Pointing to American troubles in preventing its arms to fall into the hands of ‘extremists’ such as the al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra front, U.S. daily New York Times [reported] on Sunday that Washington’s key Persian Gulf ally Qatar ‘is suspected’ of supplying weapons to ‘more hard-line’ groups in Syria, ‘despite assurances to the contrary from Qatari officials.’” http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/15/313893/us-qatar-arming-rival-gangs-in-syria/

Sunday July 14, 2013

Pakistanis protest U.S.

U.S. hostilities in PAKISTAN

“Pakistanis have staged an anti-U.S. demonstration in Punjab Province to protest against the killing of innocent civilians by U.S. assassination drone attacks. The major protest rally took place in the city of Multan where demonstrators chanted slogans against the U.S. Reports say similar protests were also held in other towns and cities of Punjab on Sunday.” http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/14/313793/pakistanis-protest-us-drone-strikes/

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Bennett's books are available in New York State independent bookstores: Lift Bridge Bookshop: www.liftbridgebooks.com [Brockport, NY]; Sundance Books: http://www.sundancebooks.com/main.html [Geneseo, NY]; Mood Makers Books: www.moodmakersbooks.com [City of Rochester, NY]; Dog Ears Bookstore and Literary Arts Center: www.enlightenthedog.org/ [Buffalo, NY]; Burlingham Books – ‘Your Local Chapter’: http://burlinghambooks.com/ [Perry, NY 14530]; The Bookworm: http://www.eabookworm.com/ [East Aurora, NY] • See also: World Pulse: Global Issues through the eyes of Women: http://www.worldpulse.com/ http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire http://www.facebook.com/#!/bennetts2ndstudy

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